Applications of Language Studies
A semiannual International Research Journal

Language Acquisition and Identity Formation in Adolescent English Learners: A Mixed-Methods Study in the Iranian Context

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Reza Khany 1
Pooria Barzan 2
Morteza Bakhtiarvand 3
Karim Kaabi Mofrad 2

1 Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.

2 Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Ilam University, Iran.

3 Post-Doctoral Researcher of Instructional Technology at Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany.

10.22034/jals.2026.2088535.1118
Abstract
The process of second-language acquisition during adolescence is closely linked to identity development, shaping how learners perceive themselves and interact with others. This mixed-methods study investigated the relationship between English learning and identity formation among 130 adolescent EFL students, focusing on the psychological and social effects of bilingualism. Over eight months, data were collected through proficiency tests, self-concept questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews with 26 participants. Quantitative data were analyzed using paired-samples t-tests and Pearson product-moment correlations. Results showed a moderate positive correlation between gains in English proficiency and self-reported self-esteem (r = .43, p < .01), along with significant improvement in peer integration (d = 0.52, p < .05). Qualitative analysis produced three themes: bicultural negotiation, linguistic empowerment, and code-switching fatigue. Students with strong heritage-language support demonstrated greater resilience in managing identity conflict, whereas language anxiety and fears of cultural loss constrained belonging. Overall, bilingualism emerged as both a resource for cognitive and social development and a source of psychosocial tension. The study recommends identity-affirming pedagogy, safe spaces for cultural expression, and inclusive EFL curricula that foster adolescent linguistic and emotional well-being.

Keywords

language acquisition
identity formation
adolescent bilingualism
sociocultural theory
self-concept
code-switching
EFL education
Subjects
Applications of Language Studies

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 31 May 2026

  • Receive Date 12 May 2026
  • Revise Date 30 May 2026
  • Accept Date 31 May 2026

Home

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us